21 TWO TRACKS RIGID VEHICLES, MEDIUM

	PPM Gazelle Swamp Buggy. They can see suspension by rubber blocs. Pict Francis Pierre, Moerdjik, The Netherlands, in 2000.
	PPM Gazelle Swamp Buggy. Pict Francis Pierre, Moerdjik, The Netherlands in 2000.

	Sno-Motor. Pict Francis Pierre, 1998.
	Sno-Motor, 1938-1949, of Ted Flynn's Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. See Chap 'Changes around the track I'. Pict Francis Pierre, probably in Utah, around 1998.

	Sno-Motor of Ted Flynn's Forest Service, Oregon, 1940. A rear sled allowed steering the vehicle as an articulated vehicle. In the unique front track was located the engine. See Chap 'Change around the track I. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Snowtrak of T.H. Brunius, 1940. The drive train is located inside the tracks. Similar designs were built in 1941 (Sno-Motor) and at the end of WWII (Snow Tractor T 36). Pict from book : 'US Military Tracked Vehicles' of Fred Crismon, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Iron Fireman T36 Snow Motor, 1944. 36 were built for the Army. Speed 34 km/h, capacity 260 kg. Engine was enclosed in the tracks and steering was skid steering. Pict from book 'US Military Tracked Vehicles' of Fred Crismon, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Iron Fireman Snow Tractor T36, 99 hp, Dodge or Ford engine. Pict from the book of Bart H. Vanderveen ‘The Observers Fighting Vehicles Directory WWII’. Snow Tractor T36, built by Iron Fireman Mfg in 1944, for 3 men. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/List_of_U.S._military_ vehicles_by_supply_ catalog_designation

Cargo Carrier T38E1, 1945, with double tracks. Cargo is at rear on sled used also for steering. Pict from book 'US Military Tracked Vehicles' of Fred Crismon, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Sno-Motor, 1941, built for US Forest Service Equipment Laboratory, Portland, Oregon. One track front with a rear sled allowed it to steer by articulation.

Snow tractor, 1950. See Chap 'Change around the track I'. Pict from the review 'Popular Mechanics' (French Edition) in Feb 1950.

Aktiv Forest Tractor from Youtube.

Tracked CFP 304 from Russia imported in Europe in the 80s. J M M archives.

CFP 304

Hydratech multipurpose amphibious vehicle for contractors by TrencherTracks. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaB8ffhLWnc&feature=plcp

Argo Centaur from Ontario Drive and Gear Ltd. http://www.argoatv.com/

utility/utilityhome.aspx

Trooper of Bombardier Recreational Products, 2004. 20 km/h, capacity 1360 kg, Total mass 5220 kg, Perkins engine 115 hp, hydrostatic transmission, ground pressure : 98 g/cm² to 137 g/cm² loaded, according to tracks width. BRP Inc., Utility vehicles, Granby, QC. Tracked vehicles plant of Granby was sold to Camoplast and then to Prinoth.

	Prinoth Trooper. Pict J M M at Euroforest, St Bonnet-de-Joux, 2010 06.
	Prinoth groomers, skid-steered, with a trailer. The trailer was powered but it was not an articulated vehicle. http://www.damage-dameuses.com/t78-les-anciennes-prinoth
	J5 Bombardier
	Bombardier Muskeg Crawler Backhoe with Winch 1977, from Scott Ales Inc. http://www.scottalesinc.com /items/bombardier_muskeg_ crawler_backhoe/

Rolba sold Muskeg of Bombardier in the 50s in Switzerland.

Pict from the book of Karl Anweiler 'Prototypen und Sonderfahrzeuge der Bundeswher seit 1956', Motorbuch Verlag, 2004.

Muskeg Bombardier with amphibious hand-made hull used for mosquito control. Pictures J M Maclou taken at Chindrieux near Le Bourget Lake on 24-25 May 1996.

J5-bombardier.pdf

Fire Fighting Muskeg. See chap 'Change around the track I'. Pict J M M, Army Museum, Brussels, 2008 02.

	Camoplast GT 1200, 2006. Camoplast bought Bombardier plant of Granby in 2004, which sold it at Prinoth, part of Leitner, in 2009. The GT 1200 had a payload of 5,443 kg, for a basic weight of 5375 kg. Cummins engine of 116 kW (155 hp), hydrostatic transmission, speed 15,4 km/h, walking beam suspension, rubber tracks with steel grousers Bombardier type.
	Camoplast J-5FF, 2006, from a brochure of Camoplast.

Torvec Tracked Vehicle FTV, Full Terrain Vehicle, proto from Torvec Inc, since 1996, Rochester, NY. Vernon E. Gleasman invented in 1958, among others, the world famous Torsen differential (Torque Sensing) based on worms and self-locking, used on Hummer, and now sold under an enhanced version named IsoTorque differential. FTV has an hydro mechanical transmission : IVT, and Innovative Torvec pump, with very smooth skid-steering 'Steer Drive' system. An on ice traction system based on electrical charges allows it to run fast on ice. Speed 95 km/h, 1,8 t payload, ground pressure 0,14 kg/cm². Unique suspension : a concentration of technology ! http://www.torvec.com/technology/full-terrain-vehicle-ftv

Tracked TSI with scaffolding. http://www.metalliance-tsi.com/FR/chenilles.htm http://www.tsi-metalliance.com/

	Sno-Ball Jeep CJ6 Snowcat, 1956. Contract between Jeep and Sno Ball Corp. created this vehicle to transport crews over deep snow. They were provided to the US Forest Service and the FAA. 20 were built in 1956 and only one is remaining. Tracks are rubber belted and the grousers are in steel. This Sno-Ball Jeep stayed in Colorado and was sold in 2004.
	Sno-Ball Jeep CJ6 Snowcat. Under contract from US Government, Sno Ball Corp. designed this Snowcat with a Jeep engine, transmission and cab in 1956. Original wheels and axles could be mounted back but there was an extra frame lift.

Beijing BJ212 field car conversion, tracked, in the 80s.

T 26 Cargo Carrier, 1944. Pneumatic road wheel and Bombardier tracks equipped this first prototype. Pict from the review 'Classic Military Vehicle' Feb 2003.

Nodwell Scout Carrier Model RN 21, of Bruce Nodwell Ltd in 1957. J M M archives.

Nodwell tracked carriers in the 60s

Flextrac, 1970

Model T tank, version 2.00, after the version of Charles Martin. http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2010/08/03/model-t-tank-version-2-0/

	Versatrac, 1961, commercial version of M50 transporter of Nortronics Division of Northrop Aviation. Speed 56 km/h, 72 hp. During the period of 60s and 70s, much aviation companies were diversifying in off-rod vehicles. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	T107 Amphibious Cargo Carrier of Studebaker. 7 built. Picture from the book 'US Military Tracked Vehicles' of Fred Crismon, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	T39 Light Tractor built by Lima Locomotive Works, 1945. In total, 7 prototypes were built. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Swamp Vehicle XE-2, 1966. Tested at Fort Eustis, Virginia for Engineer Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Belvoir. The vehicle had an unusual drive arrangement in the form of a paddle-wheel type sprocket in the center of the top track run. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	SAMT, Sled, Amphibious, Marginal Terrain XE-4, Armadillo, 1966, tested at Aberdeen Proving Grounds by ERDL, Engineer Research and Development laboratories. Belt-type tracks fitted with large steel grousers surrounded aluminum pontoons used also for buoyancy. Mass only 1360 kg. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Peoria Type Reconnaissance Tractor and Syracuse Reconnaissance Tractor, 1920. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Gamaunt tracked vehicle, 1956. R. L. Gamaunt, San Pedro, Ca, father of the later articulated 6x6 Gama-Goat, realized several types of cross-country concepts with Twin Coach Cy, Buffalo, NY. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Pack Rat of Twin Coach, Buffalo, New York, about 1960, was the first prototype built by Roger L. Gamaunt, San Pedro, California, before commercial Versatrac. Suspension was very flexible. R. L. Gamaunt designed the emblematic articulated 6x6 Gama-Goat. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	O'Laughin modification on Willys MB, about 1942. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Ground Hog, 1949 and Oliver T60 Amphibious Cargo Carrier, 1953. Studies were conducted for mobility on marginal terrain such as deep mud or snow which led to the space link track which had grousers enough spaced to hold on the soil and eliminate 'grip failure'. Nowadays, all groomers have space-link-tracks. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Cat Track System of Cat Track Company, Toronto, Canada, on Ford F 100, 1962. Tracks were from Bombardier-type and individual brakes on each side must be added. Additional road wheels were suspended by semi-elliptic springs. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Carrier, 1964. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Allis Chalmers V-40 Scout, 1941.

Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

AISV, Amphibious, Infantry Support Vehicle for US Marine Corps, 1967, built by FMC Corp.

Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

CM-581 of KZNO, Kurgan Plant. http://www.kzno.ru/main/katalog/Snego

C 21, 1948, from Gorki Institute, followed by C-22.

Tracked vehicles 1947-48 from Gorki Polytechnic Institute, Russia. Left to right : GPI-20 and GPI-21 of 1947, GPI-22 of 1948, Below right, GPI-22 tows GAZ-AA. http://www.zvm-nn.ru/info/history/

GPI-23 Snow and Marsh Mobile, 1949-1960, from Gorky Polytechnic Institute. http://www.zvm-nn.ru/info/history/

	GPI-S20 and GPI-21, 1947 followed by GPI-22, 1948 were the first snow and marsh vehicles in USSR from Polytechnic Institute of Technology now ONIL VM, Nizhny-Novgorod. http://www.zvm-nn.ru/info/history/
	Light AT Tractor from Russia. Pictured by J M M at Beltring, GB, on 2004 07 23.
	NSTU-2401, 1991, is the result of many years of work of former Gorki Institute, now ONIL VM, Nizhny-Novgorod
	Rover Volgar on Internet. Probably a private venture, in 2010.
	Thomas Rover, homemade amphibious, mass 800 kg. http://www.snowmobile.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=84&t=46675
	Tracked Vehicle from Russia, on youtube.

	Yukon tracked vehicle homemade, from Russia. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7205
	Yukon tracked vehicle homemade, from Russia. Mass 820 kg, capacity 500 kg, Trailer 700 kg, speed 38 km/h. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7205 http://krpb.ru/viewtopic.php?t=1424
	Volcano Tracked vehicle, 2011, 1160 kg + 200 kg payload. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6350 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBJ_UW9SpIw
	Homemade tracked vehicle Parma, 2012. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=289436
	Barsik home made tracked vehicle at Pskov, 2011 http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6007&start=45&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=

Makeri tractor of the 80s, from Hiunummentie, Rauma, Finland. J M M archives.

Makeri

	Patu M100
	Patu M 100 Excavator of the 80s, from Joensuu, North Karelia, Finland. http://www.maskinisten.net/viewtopic.php?t=6015&postdays=0&postorder=asc&&start=15http:
	Patu M 100. http://www.maskinisten.net/viewtopic.php?t=6015&postdays=0&postorder=asc&&start=15
	Vammas Sergent conversion on Ford 5000, Finland. These overall tracks on agricultural tractor, invented by J A Bombardier in the 50s, were efficient and rather economic.
	Vammas Tractor VM-84, conversion of a 6610 Ford. From Finland.

VMV Stalo forestry tractor of the 70s. http://www.maskinisten.net/viewtopic.php?p=367692#367692

	Ford 7740 with Sure-Trac Kit TM 110 of Ebert Welding Ltd. Pict Francis Pierre in the 90s.
	Ford F tractor with Trackson full-track conversion. Pict Francis Pierre, about 2000.
	Fordson F with Trackford full track conversion made at San Francisco. Pict Francis Pierre at Heidrick Ag History Center, Woodland, Ca, 2000.
	Fordson Johnson Trackpull in the 20s. The Johson Trackpull adapter of the Belle City Manufacturing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, was designed for agriculture. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.
	Cletrac M2, 7 ton, 137 hp Hercules engine, known as High Speed Tractor, produced in 1941 for US Air Force. Tracks were fitted with rubber pads to preserve runways. Pict Francis Pierre, Caspers, Wyoming, 1998.
	McCormick-Deering TracTracTor Model T-20. This one is fitted with rubber pads. Pict Francis Pierre, late 90s.

Tracked Tractor. Pict Francis Pierre, in late 90s.

Eimco 105 excavator, 1956, from Eimco Corp, Salt Lake City, Utah built under license by St Chamont, Creuzot Loire Group. Pict J M M, Neuf Chef Museum near Thionville, France, 2005 09.

Shenwa tracked vehicle model XKL 110, 150 hp Yamnar engine, automatic transmission, total mass 6 t, payload 3 t, from Shandong, China. http://xiankelaimachine.

en.alibaba.com/product/

352183659-212088848/

Supply_high_quality_hot

_selling_new_crawler_

transporter_for_muddy

_roads.html?tracelog=

cgsotherproduct2#

productDetailpage

Location

	Bear Tractor Inc., 1924, New-York, N. Y.
	Deering D tractor, 1938, manufactured by International Harvester Company, Chicago, Illinois. Picture J M Maclou at Compa Museum, Chartres, France on 2004 01.
	Earl Mallory Tractor T-198 was built at Knights Landing, CA, in 1944 with old surplus parts when new tractors were unavailable. It belonged to Phil Leiser and was gifted to Fred Heidrick, Sr by Leiser family. 60 hp diesel Cummins engine, 9 t, pictured by J M M at Heidrick Museum, Woodland, CA, on June 2001.
	HI Renault Tractor, 1920 to 1927, with articulated tracks, at Maurice Dufresne Museum, Azay le Rideau on 2004 10. Pict J M M.
	Tractors at Maurice Dufresne Museum, Azay-le-Rideau, on 2004 05 06 : Cletrac, National, Renault, Fendt. Pict J M M.
	Old Tractors Show at Souvigné, Poitou, France, in 2004. Below, a Cletrac. Pict J M M.

Straddle tractor Vidal, tested in vines of Azay le Rideau, France, in 1920. Pict J M M at Maurice Dufresne Museum, 4 km of Azay le Rideau, on 2004 05 06.

MM2 Spray Rig, Marsh Master, of Coast Machinery LLC, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, used as mosquitos control or pipeline maintenance. Payload capacity in water is 600 kg 87 hp Detroit Diesel engine. John B. Coast began to build his first amphibian in 1971 and the first Marsh Master was delivered in 1981. http://www.marshmaster.com/

Bogie-Tractor wagon TV-Ettan, mass 2.200 kg, load 18 T, manufactured by Agerprodukter AB, Vikarbyn, Sweden, around the 70s. From www.fao.org

BMC Nuffield 245 fitted with two 3 cylinders engines. Above picture is from 1967. Modified by Hutdins from BMC Sweden AB Stokholm. http://www.bengts.com/machinebmc.html

Nuffield 245 from 1958-1961 to 1970. Built at Malä, Sweden, by Hultdins Verkstad Ab on a BMC Nuffield tractor for forestry. Wheels were driven by rollers themselves driven by two engines, one per side. Hultdins Systems Ltd always exists, since 1928. Engine 52 hp, then 120 hp. http://www.nuhvi.net/index.php?option=

com_content&view=article&id=80&Itemid=43 www.antiquetractorforum.com

Bamse Bolinder-Munktell BMB 230, whose 732 units have been built from 1957 to 1962. This tractor was a success for forestry work in this period. Mass 3,6 T and 4,3 T total. Volvo acquired BM in 1950.

http://www.volvoce.com/constructionequipment/corporate/en-gb/AboutUs/history/products/forestry%20machinery

%20older/Bolinder-Munktell/pages/introduction.aspx

Bamse Bolinder-Munktell BMB 230.

Bamse Bolinder-Munktell. http://home.swipnet.se/Halvbandet/Skogsbrukets%20

mekanisering/osa/bamse/bmb_230_bamse.htm

Penguin issued from Mk III of Bombardier in 1946 during Mux-Ox Canadian Expedition. See chapter : J.A. Bombardier : snow travel. Pict : cover of the review 'Science et Vie', Feb 1949.

Bombardier amphibian, WWII. Pict from Outlines MV1 of Jeff Woods, Outline Publications, London, 1984.

Ratrac imported Thiokol in Switzerland and Europe in the 60s and 70s.

Ratrac 1970

	Yamnar C50S tracked dumper. Pict J M M at Intermat, Villepinte, 2009 04.
	Tracked vehicle on Internet : Rubber tracks comes from Yunhe Rubber & Plastics Chemical Co., Ltd., Gouzhang Industrial Zone, China. www.yunhe.en.buystrade.com
	Tracks at Intermat. Pict J M M at Intermat, Villepinte, 2009 04.

	Polytrac tractor was on sale on the site www.agriaffaires.com, in 2007.
	Morooka TRC50. Pict J M M, Forexpo, Bordeaux, 2008 06

	Chevy Astro Groomer from www.forumsforums.com
	Rip Saw from Howe and Howe, built for Grand Challenge in 2005. 128 km/h. Howe brothers built many types of tracked vehicles. http://www.howeandhow etechnologies.com/ vehicles.php?prod=sr1
	Howe and Howe full Ripsaw http://www.howe andhowe.com/vehicles .php?prod=ripsaw Mini Ripsaw of Howe and Howe. http://www.howeandhowe technologies.com/ and http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=71410

	Goldoni Tracked Tractor. Pict J M M at SIMA, Villepinte, 2009 02.
	ASV ST-50 Scout. Tracked Utility Vehicle. Rubber tracks are made for Caterpillar, Terex, Posi-track, Track Truck. http://www.trackloader parts.com/free-manual.html

Amphib-Alaska http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/coast-guard-considers-arctic-amphibious-vehicles-far-north-gets-busier, http://amphib-alaska.com/

Amphib-Alaska amphibious vehicle, 2nd prototype of a true tracked vehicle whose tracks can be raised to travel on water.

	Amphib-Alaska Proto 1 amphibious vehicle
	Amphib-Alaska Proto 1 amphibious vehicle

Amphib-Alaska Proto 1 of Hewitt Equipment, Ketchikan, AK. http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/amphibalaska-amphibious-vehicle

	Iguana IG 29, 2011, from Iguana Yachts located between Mt St Michel Bay and South of Jersey. This is a true boat for 8 passengers, speed 74 km/h, which can move on land at little speed, thanks to its tracks operated by electric motors. Designed by Antoine Fritsh and Tanguy le Bihan. http://iguana-yachts.com/default.asp?lang=fr&rubrique=concept
	Iguana IG 29. Pict Eric Sander. http://iguana-yachts.com/default.asp?lang=fr&rubrique=gallery

Frandee. http://i21.photobucket.com/albums/b296/karmasoft/Trackmaster03.jpg http://www.forums

forums.com/3_9/showthread.php?t=40549

Frandee tracked vehicle. See Chap 'Thiokol and LMC tracked vehicles' from : www.forumsforums.com www.forum.m29weasel.com

www.advriver.com

	This experimental Tracked Vehicle seems to be a model 'make it yourself' whose plans were published by 'Popular Mechanics' in early 50s. See Chap 'Thiokol and LMC Tracked Vehicles' where it is mentioned in the third paragraph : this vehicle could probably be a Frandee. Note grousers of tracks in wood. Pict Francis Pierre, Riverton, Wyoming, 1998.
	Thiokol Spryte 1200. See chap 'Thiokol and LMC Tracked Vehicles'.
	Thiokol Spryte 1200C, 1974.
	Thiokol Spryte. See chap 'Thiokol and LMC tracked Vehicles'. Heavy-duty-over-snow-and-off-highway-vehicles-1969-h.pdf

Thiokol/Ratrac Spryte Amphibian. Pictures J M M at Chindrieux, near Le Bouget Lake on 24-25 May 1996 at EID, Entente Interdépartementale de Démoustication, for Mosquito Control.

Thiokol/Ratrac Spryte Amphibian. Pict J M M at Chindrieux, 1996.

Thiokol/Ratrac Spryte Amphibian.

Pict J M M at Chindrieux, 1996.

Ratrac, 1968. J M M archives.

Ratrac-used-for-xeme-olympic-games-grenoble-1968.pdf

Ratrac-pister.pdf

Ratrac-sbw-md-80.pdf

Ratrac customized, 1979,

sold on ebay in 2006.

	Takeuchi TL250 Loader. Pict J M M, Intermat, Villepinte, 2009 04.
	Takeuchi TCR50. Pict J M M, Intermat, Villepinte, 2009 04.

	Takeuchi TCR50 Dumper. Pict J M M at Intermat, Villepinte, 2006 04.
	Takeuchi tracked carrier TCR50. Pict J M M at Intermat, Villepinte, 2006 04.

	Yanmar Transporter from 1993. Pict Francis Pierre, Moerdjik, The Netherlands in 2000.
	Yanmar Transporter C60R of 1992. Pict Francis Pierre, Moerdjik, The Netherlands in 2000.
	Takeuchi TL 26 Tracked Loader. Pict Francis Pierre, 1999.
	Hanix Crawler Transporter RT300, late 1990. Pict Francis Pierre, Moerdjik, The Netherlands in 2000.
	Crawler, Japanese mini truck, full tracked.
	Morooka dumper MST-1550VD. Pict J M M at Intermat, Villepinte, 2006 04. Komatsu looks like Morooka : Komatsu-crawler-carrier-cd60r-1a-h.pdf Yamnar Dumpers. Pict J M M at Intermat, Villepinte, 2012 04.

Morooka MST-300VD R dumper at Forexpo, Bordeaux, 2004 04 21. Pict J M M.

Morooka dumpers, Pict J M M at Intermat, Villepinte, 2012 04.

Morooka rubber tracked carrier in the 2000s, from Internet.

Roadless County CD 50 long and wide tracked swamp tractor in Ireland peat in the 50's. Pict from book 'Roadless County' of Allan Condie, Allan Condie Publications, 1993.

County swamp crawlers about the 50s for working in peat-bog of Ireland. The wooden tracks (oak) are 76 cm wide. Upper : County Full Track, lower : Board-na-mona tractor. Picture from book ‘County, a Pictorial Review’ of Stuart Gibbard, Farming Press, 1997.

Neil Godsman tracked low ground pressure trailer of Aberdeen, 700 mm tracks wide provide 0,14 kg/cm² of ground pressure at the price of £ 5.600 in 1983. For working in peat. Pict of review Power Farming, Aug 1983.

Ferguson Model TEA-20 Tractor known as Sue used by Sir Edmund Hillary during expedition to South Pole in 1958. There were 3 tractors (1955-58) that always exist. This one was bought by Massey-Ferguson and after transit by Coventry, London and Stoneleigh, is now exposed at the Technology Center of Massey-Ferguson AGCO at Beauvais, France. http://www.scalefarm.com/u-2921_model-uh-ag_universal_hobbies_

ferguson_

tea20_sue_polar_tractor_

red_canvas.htm

Track conversions on Ferguson tractors in the 50s. : Upper : Conversion of Bamford and Cameron. Lower : Conversion of Burdge. Pict from 'Tracteur Retro Special Ferguson', 2011.

Ferguson Tractor of Sir Edmund Hillary with which he reached South Pole during 1958 Trans-Arctic Expedition, section of New Zeeland. It was the first motor vehicle to reach South Pole and is now exposed at Canterbury museum, Christchurch, New Zeeland. http://www.calacademy.org/

medialibrary/blogs/thelongview/

category/dispatches-from-the-voyage/new-zealand/

Kristi KT-7, from site : http://www.forums

forums.com/3_9/showthread.php?p=161306

Kristi KT-3, 1960

Kristi Snocat : Trip into Soda Mountain, Oregon http://home.earthlink.net/~wilkinsn1/id4.html

Kristi KT-3 http://www.forums

forums.com/3_9/showthread.php?p=161306

Kristi KWT, 1965-66. Tracks and intermediate wheels could be quickly removed and stowed rear to move on roads. http://www.safetyoneinc.com/specsheets/kristi.announce.1.html

	TDT-40 crawler for logging work. http://techstory.ru/trr_foto/trr_ontz.htm
	Forestry KT12-MTZ Tractor, 1948 at Kirov plant and at Minsk from 1951 to 1956, 45 hp, 12,3 km/h, 2415 kg. It is the same model, more recent.

Risley Equipment, Grande Prairie, AB, multi-Purpose tracked vehicles for forestry, mine, gas, construction, agriculture. EZ200 and EX400 feature a patented Dynamic Oscillating Suspension to distribute load. http://www.risleyequip

ment.com/

products.aspx?Product=EX300&Gallery=Red

Oxtrac of Tremzac. Tremzac, founded in 2001 at St Bonaventure near Drummonville is a subsidiary of Machineries Tremzaction. In 2008, Tremzac acquired all the rights of multi-task tracked vehicle Oxtrac. Pict J M M at Euroforest, St Bonnet-de-Joux, 2010 06.

Ox of Tremzac, Quebec. Pict J M M at Forexpo, Mimizan, France on 2012 06.

	Valuny Tracked Vehicle on Youtube : http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=23jC6u40kV4&feature=related
	Tracked transformation on Honda truck. From www.lunohovod.net http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/ptaha1983/view/186345/?page=2
	Tracked Japanese vans from site www.bushtaxi.de
	Tucker Tank of Tucker in the 50s. http://www.timwafer.com /Tucker/images/tuckertank.jpg
	Sääski and Jarcrac tracked vehicles built on demand by Metallirakennus at Kela Village, Finland. http://metallirakennus.com /index.html
	Telakarhu tracked vehicles, Finland http://www.karhunpoika. suntuubi.com/

Tracked vehicles at Lycksele museum, 700 km North Stockholm, Sweden. http://mikaelvoss.scorpion

shops.com/pictures/index.php?twg_album=Maskine http://mikaelvoss.scorpions

hops.com/pictures/index.php?twg_album=Maskiner

%2F100730lycksele&twg_

show=100730-13.jpg

Snow Groomer Bächler in the 70s, from Bächler Top Track AG, Auw, Switzerland. Now this brand built only attachment for snow-grooming. Pict collection of Francis Pierre.

Snow-groomer-bachler.pdf

http://www.bachler.ch/

Home/tabid/1092/Default.aspx

VMC Right Track models snow-cat had 3 models Here is RT04. VMC Right Track Inc., Lachine-Montréal, QC, marketed also parts and accessories for LMC Bombardier, Foremost and Tucker. The Company was dissolved in 2005. http://www.vmcrighttrack.com/

Ardco Driller's Rig of the 80s. J M M archives.

Ardco Driller\'s rig

Caterpillar loader 252 B, tracked

	Csepel D-800 tracked vehicle, 1953, from Hungary. http://www.autopictu.com/19930-csepel-800.html
	GAZ 3409 «Bobr» www.vezdehod.okis.ru
	GAZ-3409 Beaver (or Bobr) Amphibian http://www.lenaproms.ru/?D=187
	GAZ-34039 Irbis, from Nizhny-Novgorod, speed 65 km/h, 5,6 km/h on water. Mass 6800 kg, payload 2000 kg, for 10 passengers, 122 hp, consumption on road 50l/100. http://technics.rin.ru/index/?a=3&id=326
	GT-TR tracked vehicles from Altaytransmash-Service LLC at Rubtsovsk, Region of Altaï in Siberia, used for firefighting, tanks, rescue, petroleum services, http://www.100best.ru/ Catalogue/ Products/40006896/
	GUIs-C-20 (then 21-22-23 prototypes) Carrier, 1948. Capacity 0,8 t with a speed of 50 km/h and 30 km/h on snow. Theses proto will lead to the GAZ 47 in 1954. http://www.spec-technika.ru/?page=issue&pid=100684&sub= 100011&item=100687
	Motex MT M08, 2011. www.motex.ru
	Tracked vehicles from Russia with civilian body. In the 2000s. Right below is Kinechma.

	Weasel of 'Expéditions Polaires Françaises'. Pict J M M at Rétromobille, Paris, 2007 02.
	Weasel of French Polar Expeditions in the 50s. Pict J M M at Rétromobile, Paris, 2007 02.

	Amphibious Weasel. Pict J M M at La Ferté Alais, 2008 06.
	Studebaker Weasel M29C, Amphibious, 65 hp, mass 2172 kg, payload 545 kg, 58 km/h. From USA, WWII. Pict J M M at Liberty Museum, Overloon, The Netherlands, 2009 03.
	Cletrac M2 High Speed Tractor of US Air Force during WWII. Pict J M M at Liberty Museum, Overloon, The Netherlands on 2007 04.
	Cletrac M2, WWII. Pict J M M at Overloon, The Netherlands, 2009 03.
	Linn tracked Trailer in the 40s. Pict J M M at Liberty Museum, Overloon, The Netherlands, 2007 04.
	Trailer, Track-Laying, 8 Ton, Linn, capable of carrying heavy load for sustained periods but speed was only 24 km/h on road and 3 off-road. High turning radius of 19,8 m, with a high level of noise of the un-lubricated tracks. Pict J M M at Liberty Museum, Overloon, 2009 03.

Dorotea Amphibian, from Sweden. See also page 21.

Truxor Amphibious vehicle of Dorotea, Sweden. Pict J M M at Intermat, Villepinte, 2012 04.

Truxor Amphibious from Sweden. Pict J M M Intermat, Villepinte, 2009 04.

www.doroteamekaniska.se

Dorotea Truxor Amphibian from Dorotea Mekaniska AB, Sweden.

Bulldog from Union Tractor Co., San Francisco, 1917. Fitted with rather unusual track suspension in arch may have used a solid type track.

Pict from the book of James A. Young & Jerry D. Budy : ‘Endless Tracks in the Woods’, Crestline, Motorbooks, Osceola, 1989.

Fordson with Roadless tracks in early 30s. Pict from book 'Roadless County' of Allan Condie, Allan Condie Publications, 1993.

Roadless Traction of Roadless County full tracked E27N crawlers produced in 1954 under the name of J17. The tracks are rubber jointed. Pict from book 'Roadless County' of Allan Condie, Allan Condie Publications, 1993.

	Terraflex Otico, Chalmaison, France. This rubber tracks company was founded in 1971. J M M archives. Otico-terraflex-h.pdf Tractor with Otico Terraflex TX6 tracks. Otico SAS, since 1971, Chalmaison, France http://www.otico.com/spip.php?article99
	Terraflex Otico TX4 transporter for agriculture, viticulture, truck farming, orchards, nurseries, handling, public works. http://www.otico.com/spip.php?article97
	U.emme sovemente s, 1996, from Modigliana, Italy. Collection Francis Pierre. U-emme-semovente-s.pdf
	Protrac Rubber-track for skid steering loader. http://www.rubbertrax.com/index.asp? page=diamond
	Right Track Systems from Edmonton, Alberta. Rubber tracks are fitted on a New Holland loader. http://www.righttrack systemsinc.com/skid-steer-loader-track-systems.html

UZOLA ZVM-2411 designed in 2006-2007, at ONIL VM, Nizhny-Novgorod, fitted with steel and rubber tracks. Different models exist, particularly double-cab 7 places and platform. 110 hp diesel or 150 hp gasoline. http://www.snow-mobiles.eu/uzola.html

	Uhtysha tracked homemade vehicle, 2010. http://krpb.ru/viewtopic.php?p=13564&sid=428721610fb8c38105 a157fb5094f5ff
	Tracked vehicle, homemade.
	Tracked vehicle on Youtube http://www.youtube .com/watch?v=DMh-2-dJIM8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXW-TMSTmks&feature=plcp http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzYDyz89I_s&feature=plcp
	Tracked vehicle on site : www.//krpb.ru
	T 42, 1948, this is a prototype from Gorki Institute, in response to Bombardier Snow-mobile tested in USSR. The T-42 lacked power, reliability and was not easy to steer. In the same time, the C 20 was built.
	Oural ATV designed in 1943-44 at Motorcycle Irbit Plant IMZ. Engine was that of a motorcycle M72 and tracks made of rubber. Tested in Feb 1944, it failed due to broken gearing and was cancelled.
	Nami-0103 (1 t), 0105 (2 t), 0114 (20 t) of the 60s and 70s. http://www.nami.ru/about/subdivisions/cars/special/development/
	Metelica Tracked undercarriage with Niva bolt on this chassis. http://inventions.ru/post_1267610046.html
	GT-T and GAZ-34039
	GAZ-3409 Bobr. Gaz Group is the largest of Russia, headquarters are located in Nizhny Novgorod. Total mass 3500 kg, payload 600 kg or 6 persons, trailer 1300 kg, 110 hp, length 4,5 m, 63 km/h, 6 km/h on water, ground pressure 0.14kg/cm². http://www.zzgt.ru/
	Gastroymashina GTM-051, Tioumen. http://skbgsm.ru/

Snow Gott of Vic Elford en 1974. Pict of the review 'Action Automobile et Touristique', Dec-Jan 1975.

Snow Gott

Snow Gott, www.pistenraupe.de

Snow-Gott. Pict from the review 'L'Auto-Journal', Feb 1975.

Snow-gott-1975-h.pdf

	Auto-Track, 1921, of Auto-Track-Tractor Syndicate, San Francisco produced from 1921 to 1924. Buda engine and use of 50 rollers bearing in the tracks, mass 4,535 kg. Pict from the book of James A. Young & Jerry D. Budy : ‘Endless Tracks in the Woods’, Crestline, Motorbooks, Osceola, 1989.
	Büssing tractor prototype, 1919, from Braunschweig, Germany. Pict from the book of Wolgan H. Gebhardt : 'Deutsche Raupenschlepper', Schrader Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000.
	CS-800 Csepel, 1953. http://forum.index.hu/Article/jumpTree?a=66094961&t=9020005&token=fdb810f1e66e9e8196 ec01c8254d3383
	D.K. Karelskihh from Russia in the 20s. Pict from book of Alain Dupouy, Auto-éditeur : 'Les véhicules tout-terrain N° 11 Tome I'. 1995.
	Dürkopp tractor, 1924, from Dürkopp-Werke AG Bielefeld, Berlin, Germany. This brand only lasted from 1924 to 1927. Pict from the book of Wolgan H. Gebhardt : 'Deutsche Raupenschlepper', Schrader Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000.
	Mommenday tracked tractor from 1937 to 1947. Mommenday Company, Rapperswill, Switzerland, took patents and made tracks which were theoretically sealed and steel pads (covered with rubber) moved around a steel frame. Unfortunately, sand or dusty could get in the tracks but not get out so it could damage the rollers. More, rigid tracks caused tipping of the tractor on a mound. Nevertheless, patents were sold to Faure-Uranus in 1947. pict from : http://forum.bauforum24.biz/forum/index.php?showtopic=8328&st=10
	Uranus crawler, 1939, from Uranus Traktoren AG, Switzerland. 30-40 hp, 2.300 kg. Pict from the book of Richard H Robinson: ‘Crawler Tractor Scrapbook’ Part Three, Country Life Ltd, New Zealand, 2000. Credit : Franz Morgenegg's book 'Vevet'.
	Uranus C of Sisma, Milan, patented Mommenday tracks, from 1952 to 1959 whose 28 units were manufactured. Pict from Review 'Tracteurs Passions et Collections', May-June 2012, Histoire et Collections, Paris.
	Faun K 60 with Mommenday tracks, 1949-50. Some think it was manufactured under license La Licorne. http://forum.bauforum24.biz/forum/index.php?showtopic=8328&st=10
	Faure Uranus TU-125, 1947-56 of CFAMH, Compagnie des Forges et Aciéries de la Marine et d'Homécourt and later by CAFL, Compagnie des Aciéries et Forges de la Loire. It was equipped with Salmson then Delahaye engines. It's in fact a patented Mommenday re-bodied. Speed 12 km/h. Rubber plates or metal pins could be fitted on the track. 102 tractors were built between 1947 and 1949. Pict of the book : ’Histoire des Tracteurs à Chenilles en France’ de Jean Noulin, ETAI, Boulogne-Billancourt, 1997.

St Chamond tractors, 1953. TVD had Uranus track and PM1 (2 lower pictures) with Perkins diesel engines had conventional tracks. In 1954, the company became CAFL, Compagnie des Ateliers et Forges de la Loire, St Chamond, Firminy, St Etienne. PM2 tractor was then unveiled. http://mototracteurs.forumactif.com/t2544-les-chenillards-st-chamond ; pict of the book of St Chamond.

	La Licorne LW Tractor, 1948. This old company of Courbevoie, France, bought, like Faure-Uranus, the patent of tracks Mommenday and built the LW. Only 10 units were built in 1948 and 21 in 1949, due to premature wear of the tracks. La Licorne was bought by Berliet in 1949. http://vieilles-soupapes.grafbb.com/t6129-tracteur-a-chenilles-la-licorne
	La Licorne Tractor, restored. It seems only one LW is known and restored today. It has 2 helical springs instead of leaf springs. This one was used at the American base of Châteauroux to tow planes. http://vieilles-soupapes.grafbb.com/t6129-tracteur-a-chenilles-la-licorne
	Garrett Multispeed tractor, 1933, with Roadless tracks, from Richard Garrett & Sons Ltd, GB. Four were built. http://www.practical machinist.com/vb/antique-machinery-history/ot-crawler-tractors-196276/index15.html. Pict from Garrett diesel tractors by RA Whitehead, 1964.
	Hurlimann model MS, 1938, primarily for snowy terrains, from Switzerland. 70 hp. Pict from the book of Richard H Robinson: ‘ Crawler Tractor Scrapbook’ Part Three, Country Life Ltd, New Zealand, 2000. Credit : Franz Morgenegg's book 'Vevet'.
	John Ohrn tractor, 1965, from Sodertalje, Sweden. Pict from the book of Richard H Robinson: ‘ Crawler Tractor Scrapbook’ Part Three, Country Life Ltd, New Zealand, 2000.
	Linke-Hofmann-Busch tractor, 1931, 55 hp. Articulation of the suspension follows uneven terrain. Known brands like Famo, Hanomag, KHD (Deutz), Lanz made a wide variety of tracked tractors. Pict from the book of Wolgan H. Gebhardt : 'Deutsche Raupenschlepper', Schrader Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000.
	Multi-Cat of Meili, end of the 60s. It was a personal carrier. See chap 'Meili tractors and Gama-Goat'. Picture from book of Gerold Röthlin ‘From Autotractor to modern special vehicles’ from Verlag Gerold Röthlin, Kriens, 2004.
	OTO C40C, 1957, from Milano, Italia. Pict from the book of Richard H Robinson: ‘Crawler Tractor Scrapbook’ Part Three, Country Life Ltd, New Zealand, 2000.
	Raimondi Bruco, 1953, 30 hp, 14,5 km/h. Pict from the book of Richard H Robinson: ‘ Crawler Tractor Scrapbook’ Part Three, Country Life Ltd, New Zealand, 2000.
	Scheuch tractor, 1945, from Erfurt, Germany. Pict from the book of Wolgan H. Gebhardt : 'Deutsche Raupenschlepper', Schrader Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000.

	Vevey MC2 proto, 1943, from Switzerland. Pict from the book of Richard H Robinson: ‘Crawler Tractor Scrapbook’ Part Three, Country Life Ltd, New Zealand, 2000. Credit : Franz Morgenegg's book 'Vevey'.
	Varmit tractor built in Portland, Oregon about 1979. Pict of the book of Richard H Robinson: ‘ Crawler Tractor Scrapbook’ Part One, Country Life Ltd, New Zealand, 2000.
	T 150 tractor. http://fermer.ru/forum/obshchie-voprosy-po-selskokhozyaistvennoi-tekhnike/130694?page=1 http://www.techstory.ru/foto18/11/t150e_arx11.jpg
	SKB GazStroyMashina http://www.krpb.ru/download.php?id=644&sid=5311bd069dc2566b 244159e14e2fc8b1

	Fordson-Poutilovets tractor, 1929, with Alvatracks in Russia, 1929. Pict from book of Alain Dupouy, Auto-éditeur : 'Les véhicules tout-terrain N° 11 Tome I'. 1995.
	CM-581 family from JSC Kurgan. http://kzno.ru/main/article/O-kompanii

	Cletrac HG rubber tracked tractor from Blake Malkamaki Collection. Rubber tracks were invented a long time ago but the rubber were out fast. http://cletrac.org/pages/ model/pic-HG.html, from the Oliver Shield - Vol. 15, No. 1 (Dec-Jan 1946-47).
	Cletrac and Oliver tractors, above and center : Oliver Cletrac HG, 1947, below : HG OC 3. http://cletrac.org/pages/ model/pic-HG.html Cletrac rubber tracked crawler model HG, 1945-48. Pict from book of P. A. Letourneau : 'Cletrac and Oliver crawlers', Iconografix, Osceola, 1996.
	Crosley Duck. http://blog.hemmings.com/ index.php/2007/03/09/ surrender-to-cincinnati- crosley-rolls-out-the-war-machine/
	Crosley Duck in the 40s. http://blog.hemmings.com/ index.php/ 2007/03/09/surrender-to-cincinnati-crosley-rolls-out-the-war-machine/

	Roadless tracks on 1937 Fordson fitted with swamp shoes. Despite their width, the machine dug in peat bogs when applied a slight pull on the drawbar. Pict from book 'Roadless County' of Allan Condie, Allan Condie Publications, 1993. Roadless County Case L before WWII, used as a lifeboat at RNLI. Pict from book 'Roadless County' of Allan Condie, Allan Condie Publications, 1993.

	Murco Swamp Trac, 1963, from Murco, Dover, Delaware. From ebay.
	James Welch 1857 improved mobile railway. http://armor.kiev.ua/lib/tank/1-2/t2.html
	Track of Cayley Gorges, 1825, England, for universal rail-road with transversal wheels for easy turning. http://armor.kiev.ua/lib/tank/1-2/t2.html
	KASTOR-II of Scop Sagne, 2005. 59 KW, hydrostatic transmission, Scop Sagne is at Péchaudier, France.

	Oliver tractor with wooden tracks, for swamps.
	Jeep CJ5 with Wagner Tracks, 1969 (formerly, Uni-Trac). With a speed 24 km/h, it included a steering system by brakes. Pict from 'Construction Equipment and Materials', May 1969. Pict collection of F. Pierre.

Wagner-Trac and Globe Power Trax

Wagner Tracks called 'Wagner-Trac' of 1969 on a 1967 Jeep CJ-5. It could be fitted on 1955 through 1971 CJ-5 platform with 81 inches wheelbase. The company of the tracks was A. F. Wagner Industries Inc., Concord, CA. Another kit was Globe Power Trac Ad, Globe Machine Manufacturing, Co., about 1969. http://www.offroaders.com/

tech/jeep/Jeep-Wagner-Trac-Tank-Tracks.htm

Otter Amphibian of Pontiac was built from the early to the end of the 50s as T46E1. 127 hp engine, payload 1360 kg for 3.9 t empty mass, speed 45 km/h, a propeller was fitted for amphibious operations. Pict from the review : 'Military Machine International', May 2003.

M76 Otter amphibian, in Alaska. Pict by Jerry Park, Alaska, in the 60s.

Voisin amphibious tracked vehicle, 2,5 t, 1953, at Etangs de Saclay, France. Pict from the book ‘Les véhicules Hors série’ of Jacques Borgé and Nicolas Viasnoff, Balland, 1976.

Wolseley Motor Sledges, 1910-11. Three of these sledges were used by Scott for Terra Nova expedition in South Pole in 1911. Insufficiently tested, they broke at the beginning. They were equipped with Wolseley Motor. http://www.practical

machinist.com/vb/antique-machinery-history/ot-crawler-tractors-196276/index17.html

Twin Track, 1967, built by Kennth Stanaback in Grand Rapids, Michigan. http://webpages.charter.net/mdmead/snowmobiles/twintracks/stanaback/stanaback.htm

Tracks of snow groomers.

Hydr'Alp 150 groomer

Leitner LH500W groomer, on steep slope with help of a cable. http://www.safetyoneinc.com/specsheets/misc.leitner.1.html

Prinoth snow groomer.

	Snow groomers from the excellent site www.pistenraupe.de that presents about 80 brands of snow groomers and tracked vehicles, whose many unexpected : L to R and A to B : Fendt, Käsbohrer 300 Polar, Montaz Montino, Kässbohrer, Ratrac.
	Ghe-Trac 250 groomer, probably from the 60s. Tracks span the entire width of the vehicle. Built by Ghedini & Ghezze, Cortina, Italy. http://www.snow-groomer.com/thumbnails.php?album=18
	Axtrack Multipurpose vehicle. Axtrack-1.pdf
	Pisten Bully 600W with cable winch from the groomer to a fixed point allowing grooming on steep slopes 45° and more. Pisten Bully 600 of Kässbohrer. Pict J M M at Le Lioran, France, on 2011 08.
	Pisten Bully Kassbohrer with cable for moving in steep slopes. A winch is mounted at the rear of the cab.
	Pisten Bully 100 of Kassbohrer in sand.
	Sigal M25 groomer, in the 80s, of Lecointre Company, Sèvres, France, was a subsidiary of Renault. It was chosen for Air Force to replace Snow-Trac. Hydraulics was from Yumbo. www.forum.aceboard.net, which seems unfortunately shut since 2012 08. Sigal Groomer M25 in the 80s. http://www.damage-dameuses.com/t718p20-sigal Sigal-groomer-h.pdf

Pisten Bully Paana. www.damage-dameuses.com

http://www.pisten

bullyusa.com/en.html

Pisten Bully of Kässbohrer.

	Flexmobil 100 Kässbohrer.
	Flexmobil 100 Kässbohrer. http://www.pistenbully.com/en/picture-gallery.html

PistenBully 100 Flexmobil of Kässbohrer Geländefahrzeug, Laupheim, Germany, is today a tracked vehicle for all purposes in soft terrain. It is allowed to run on road with its rubber tracks. http://www.trackvehicle

repair.com/allterrain.html http://www.pisten

bullyusa.com/en.html

Flexmobil Kässbohrer, Laupheim, Germany. The first tracked Flexmobil appeared in 1983 and Pisten Bully was a snow groomer. Flexmobil could receive a tracked (hydraulically driven or not) trailer from 2 t to 4 t and as semi-trailer. The whole was not an articulated vehicle but a tractor with detachable trailer. J M M archives.

Kassbohrer-flexmobil-h.pdf

Flexmobil Kässbohrer and the trailer. J M M archives.

Flexmobil Kassbohrer

Hotchkiss TTC 50, early 60s. Pict from the book: 'Hotchkiss 1870-1970' of Daniel Tard Massin, early 2000.

Hotchkiss HB 40 created in 1965 on demand of Paul Emile Victor, of French Polar Expeditions. It was designed by Victor Bouffort. Engine120 ch, 20 km/h in snow and 70 km/h on road. 12 persons could sit inside. Pictured by J M M at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2007.

	Hotchkiss HB 40, 1965. Pictured by J M M at Rétromobile, Paris, in 2007.
	Tracks of Hotchkiss HB 40. Pict J M M.

	Hotchkiss HB 40 from early 60s, designed by Victor Bouffort for EPF,Expéditions Polaires Françaises. Payload 1,5 t , empty 2,5 t, ground pressure 120 g/cm² with rubber widener. 11 were built between 1964 and 1968. Pict J M M at Loco en Fête, La Ferté-Alais, on June 1996.
	Hotchkiss HB 40. Pict J M M.

General Transport vehicle NSU-Werke designed for mountain use in 1956-57 and tested in 1961-62. Mass 2,4 t, 60 km/h, 52 hp Porsche engine. Only 3 built.

Pict from the book of Karl Anweiler 'Prototypen und Sonderfahrzeuge der Bundeswher seit 1956', Motorbuch Verlag, 2004.

U34 tracked tractor was issued from 411 Unimog, as Unitrac UT 45 or Tractortecnic. They were used in Africa and Asia. www.unimogmania.com

Unitrac UT 90 Unimog of Tractortecnic Company of Gevelsberg, Germany. It was issued from Unimog U 421 and 406 of the late 60s for cab, engine, and transmission. 100 copies were built ; only 20 survived.

RSO, Radschlepper Ost, Tracked Tractor, East, 1942, by Steyr. 28000 units were built between 1942 and 1945 by Steyr, Klochner-Deutz-Magirus and Wanderer. Suspension by quarter-elliptic springs was very simple. J M M at Sinsheim Museum, 2004.

Motormuli M80, 1959. Steyr engine of 5322 cm3, 80 hp. Pict from the book of Karl Anweiler 'Prototypen und Sonderfahrzeuge der Bundeswher seit 1956', Motorbuch Verlag, 2004.

Motor Muli M30-M60 tracked vehicle, 1956. Steyr engine. http://www.doppeladler.

com/forum/viewtopic.

php?t=1484

	Amphi-King 6x6 and tracked Senwatec, Schröer Environment and Watertechnology. http://www.senwatec.de/ amphibious-boats.html
	Amphi-King tracked Senwatec, Schröer Environment and Watertechnology. http://www.senwatec.de/ amphibious-boats.html
	RT4 tracked vehicle. http://fotki.yandex.ru/ users/ptaha1983/view/ 185329?page=1
	Rover 'Storm' from Russia. http://www.vezdekhod.ru http://www.uazbuka.ru/models_tracked_uaz.html http://strannik.flyboard.ru/topic270.html%3Fsid% 3D9d276a 0812340f8a897cc1e476644913 Barsik tracked vehicle, 2011. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=281152
	Tracked vehicles from lubohodov.net. On left : http://lunohodov.net/ forum/viewtopic.php?t=5841 Upper Right : AI-2. http://lunohodov.net/ forum/viewtopic.php?p= 273982#273982 Lower Right : Remix. http://lunohodov.net/ forum/viewtopic.php?t=6092
	Ohara SM30. http://spec.drom.ru/ prodaju-snegohod- 14123748.html
	Ohara SM-15. http://4x4.primorye.ru/%28S%282i1ggfaklqif3b 5pnifrv2t3%29%29/ attach.aspx?id =331220&pic=post_pic_1
	Isuzu, tracked vehicle. http://fotki.yandex.ru/ users/ptaha1983/view/ 451489/?page=4
	Isuzu OM tracked vehicle from Japan. http://www.naganoauto.ru/index.php?cat=3&info=600
	Dodge with Chase Track System. http://strangernn. livejournal.com/

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21 TWO TRACKS RIGID VEHICLES, MEDIUM

PPM Gazelle Swamp Buggy. They can see suspension by rubber blocs. Pict Francis Pierre, Moerdjik, The Netherlands, in 2000.

PPM Gazelle Swamp Buggy. Pict Francis Pierre, Moerdjik, The Netherlands in 2000.

Sno-Motor. Pict Francis Pierre, 1998.

Sno-Motor, 1938-1949, of Ted Flynn's Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. See Chap 'Changes around the track I'. Pict Francis Pierre, probably in Utah, around 1998.

Snowtrak of T.H. Brunius, 1940. The drive train is located inside the tracks. Similar designs were built in 1941 (Sno-Motor) and at the end of WWII (Snow Tractor T 36). Pict from book : 'US Military Tracked Vehicles' of Fred Crismon, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Iron Fireman T36 Snow Motor, 1944. 36 were built for the Army. Speed 34 km/h, capacity 260 kg. Engine was enclosed in the tracks and steering was skid steering. Pict from book 'US Military Tracked Vehicles' of Fred Crismon, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Iron Fireman Snow Tractor T36, 99 hp, Dodge or Ford engine. Pict from the book of Bart H. Vanderveen ‘The Observers Fighting Vehicles Directory WWII’.

Snow Tractor T36, built by Iron Fireman Mfg in 1944, for 3 men. http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/List_of_U.S._military_

vehicles_by_supply_

catalog_designation

Cargo Carrier T38E1, 1945, with double tracks. Cargo is at rear on sled used also for steering. Pict from book 'US Military Tracked Vehicles' of Fred Crismon, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Sno-Motor, 1941, built for US Forest Service Equipment Laboratory, Portland, Oregon. One track front with a rear sled allowed it to steer by articulation.

Snow tractor, 1950. See Chap 'Change around the track I'. Pict from the review 'Popular Mechanics' (French Edition) in Feb 1950.

Aktiv Forest Tractor from Youtube.

Tracked CFP 304 from Russia imported in Europe in the 80s. J M M archives.

CFP 304

Hydratech multipurpose amphibious vehicle for contractors by TrencherTracks. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaB8ffhLWnc&feature=plcp

Argo Centaur from Ontario Drive and Gear Ltd. http://www.argoatv.com/

utility/utilityhome.aspx

Prinoth Trooper. Pict J M M at Euroforest, St Bonnet-de-Joux, 2010 06.

Prinoth groomers, skid-steered, with a trailer. The trailer was powered but it was not an articulated vehicle. http://www.damage-dameuses.com/t78-les-anciennes-prinoth

J5 Bombardier

Bombardier Muskeg Crawler Backhoe with Winch 1977, from Scott Ales Inc. http://www.scottalesinc.com

/items/bombardier_muskeg_

crawler_backhoe/

Rolba sold Muskeg of Bombardier in the 50s in Switzerland.

Pict from the book of Karl Anweiler 'Prototypen und Sonderfahrzeuge der Bundeswher seit 1956', Motorbuch Verlag, 2004.

Muskeg Bombardier with amphibious hand-made hull used for mosquito control. Pictures J M Maclou taken at Chindrieux near Le Bourget Lake on 24-25 May 1996.

J5-bombardier.pdf

Fire Fighting Muskeg. See chap 'Change around the track I'. Pict J M M, Army Museum, Brussels, 2008 02.

Camoplast J-5FF, 2006, from a brochure of Camoplast.

Tracked TSI with scaffolding. http://www.metalliance-tsi.com/FR/chenilles.htm http://www.tsi-metalliance.com/

Sno-Ball Jeep CJ6 Snowcat. Under contract from US Government, Sno Ball Corp. designed this Snowcat with a Jeep engine, transmission and cab in 1956. Original wheels and axles could be mounted back but there was an extra frame lift.

Beijing BJ212 field car conversion, tracked, in the 80s.

T 26 Cargo Carrier, 1944. Pneumatic road wheel and Bombardier tracks equipped this first prototype. Pict from the review 'Classic Military Vehicle' Feb 2003.

Nodwell Scout Carrier Model RN 21, of Bruce Nodwell Ltd in 1957. J M M archives.

Nodwell tracked carriers in the 60s

Flextrac, 1970

Model T tank, version 2.00, after the version of Charles Martin. http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2010/08/03/model-t-tank-version-2-0/

T107 Amphibious Cargo Carrier of Studebaker. 7 built. Picture from the book 'US Military Tracked Vehicles' of Fred Crismon, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

T39 Light Tractor built by Lima Locomotive Works, 1945. In total, 7 prototypes were built.

Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Swamp Vehicle XE-2, 1966. Tested at Fort Eustis, Virginia for Engineer Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Belvoir. The vehicle had an unusual drive arrangement in the form of a paddle-wheel type sprocket in the center of the top track run.

Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Peoria Type Reconnaissance Tractor and Syracuse Reconnaissance Tractor, 1920.

Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

O'Laughin modification on Willys MB, about 1942. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Carrier, 1964. Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

Allis Chalmers V-40 Scout, 1941.

Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

AISV, Amphibious, Infantry Support Vehicle for US Marine Corps, 1967, built by FMC Corp.

Picture from book of Fred Crismon ‘US Military Tracked Vehicles’, Motorbook International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992.

CM-581 of KZNO, Kurgan Plant. http://www.kzno.ru/main/katalog/Snego

C 21, 1948, from Gorki Institute, followed by C-22.

Tracked vehicles 1947-48 from Gorki Polytechnic Institute, Russia. Left to right : GPI-20 and GPI-21 of 1947, GPI-22 of 1948, Below right, GPI-22 tows GAZ-AA. http://www.zvm-nn.ru/info/history/

GPI-23 Snow and Marsh Mobile, 1949-1960, from Gorky Polytechnic Institute. http://www.zvm-nn.ru/info/history/

GPI-S20 and GPI-21, 1947 followed by GPI-22, 1948 were the first snow and marsh vehicles in USSR from Polytechnic Institute of Technology now ONIL VM, Nizhny-Novgorod. http://www.zvm-nn.ru/info/history/

Light AT Tractor from Russia. Pictured by J M M at Beltring, GB, on 2004 07 23.

NSTU-2401, 1991, is the result of many years of work of former Gorki Institute, now ONIL VM, Nizhny-Novgorod

Rover Volgar on Internet. Probably a private venture, in 2010.

Thomas Rover, homemade amphibious, mass 800 kg. http://www.snowmobile.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=84&t=46675

Tracked Vehicle from Russia, on youtube.

Yukon tracked vehicle homemade, from Russia. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7205

Yukon tracked vehicle homemade, from Russia. Mass 820 kg, capacity 500 kg, Trailer 700 kg, speed 38 km/h. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7205

http://krpb.ru/viewtopic.php?t=1424

Volcano Tracked vehicle, 2011, 1160 kg + 200 kg payload. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6350 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBJ_UW9SpIw

Homemade tracked vehicle Parma, 2012. http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=289436

Barsik home made tracked vehicle at Pskov, 2011 http://lunohodov.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6007&start=45&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=

Makeri tractor of the 80s, from Hiunummentie, Rauma, Finland. J M M archives.

Makeri

Patu M100

Patu M 100 Excavator of the 80s, from Joensuu, North Karelia, Finland. http://www.maskinisten.net/viewtopic.php?t=6015&postdays=0&postorder=asc&&start=15http:

Patu M 100. http://www.maskinisten.net/viewtopic.php?t=6015&postdays=0&postorder=asc&&start=15

Vammas Sergent conversion on Ford 5000, Finland. These overall tracks on agricultural tractor, invented by J A Bombardier in the 50s, were efficient and rather economic.

Vammas Tractor VM-84, conversion of a 6610 Ford. From Finland.

VMV Stalo forestry tractor of the 70s. http://www.maskinisten.net/viewtopic.php?p=367692#367692

Ford 7740 with Sure-Trac Kit TM 110 of Ebert Welding Ltd. Pict Francis Pierre in the 90s.

Ford F tractor with Trackson full-track conversion. Pict Francis Pierre, about 2000.